Post Hoc:
This fallacy is based on the mistaken idea that simply because one event happens before another, then the first event causes the second event. “After this… therefore because of this…”
- Look for different explanations
- Is there sufficient proof or evidence to support the conclusion?
- Consider the possibility of coincidence
This fallacy is based on the mistaken idea that simply because one event happens before another, then the first event causes the second event. “After this… therefore because of this…”
- Look for different explanations
- Is there sufficient proof or evidence to support the conclusion?
- Consider the possibility of coincidence
Ad Hominem:
This is Latin for “against the man”. An argument that attempts to dismiss the argument by attacking the person who makes it.
This is Latin for “against the man”. An argument that attempts to dismiss the argument by attacking the person who makes it.
Strawman:
The argument is misinterpreted by exaggerating, distorting or simplifying it; which in turn makes it weaker. This makes the argument easier to refute.
- Arguments appear grossly exaggerated
- It is usually obviously incorrect
- Words like ‘ridiculous’ , ‘wild’, ‘ludicrous’ are used
The argument is misinterpreted by exaggerating, distorting or simplifying it; which in turn makes it weaker. This makes the argument easier to refute.
- Arguments appear grossly exaggerated
- It is usually obviously incorrect
- Words like ‘ridiculous’ , ‘wild’, ‘ludicrous’ are used
Tu Quoque:
This is Latin for “you too”. The pattern of reasoning is that we should do something because someone else is doing it.
This is Latin for “you too”. The pattern of reasoning is that we should do something because someone else is doing it.
Sweeping Generalisation:
There is sufficient evidence for the generalisation that is being made. This can mainly be seen in representative samples.
There is sufficient evidence for the generalisation that is being made. This can mainly be seen in representative samples.
Slippery Slope:
The point being made suggests that once the first step is taken on s slippery slope, it leads, often inevitably to further steps and to increasingly undesirable consequences.
The point being made suggests that once the first step is taken on s slippery slope, it leads, often inevitably to further steps and to increasingly undesirable consequences.
Confusing Necessary
Condition:
Something must happen for something else to happen. This fallacy usually jumps to conclusions.
Something must happen for something else to happen. This fallacy usually jumps to conclusions.
Confusing Sufficient
Conditions:
Something must happen for it to be certain that something else will happen. This fallacy usually jumps to conclusions.
Something must happen for it to be certain that something else will happen. This fallacy usually jumps to conclusions.
Two Wrongs Don’t Make A
Right:
This is justified by saying one bad action is on the basis of another bad action that is accepted. It is also known as “reasoning from wrong actions”.
This is justified by saying one bad action is on the basis of another bad action that is accepted. It is also known as “reasoning from wrong actions”.
False Dilemma:
The argument is restricted and limited to the options that are available.
The argument is restricted and limited to the options that are available.
Inconsistency:
The claims being made within the argument contradict each other.
The claims being made within the argument contradict each other.
Circular Argument:
The reason and the conclusion are the same.
The reason and the conclusion are the same.
